{"id":187,"date":"2009-05-10T16:21:27","date_gmt":"2009-05-10T09:21:27","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.daoduytu.edu.vn\/home\/?p=187"},"modified":"2011-08-22T16:24:13","modified_gmt":"2011-08-22T09:24:13","slug":"on-tap-mon-ngu-van-mot-so-van-de-li-luan-van-hoc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/daoduytu.net\/home\/giao-duc-tuyen-sinh\/on-tap-mon-ngu-van-mot-so-van-de-li-luan-van-hoc","title":{"rendered":"\u00d4n t\u1eadp m\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u0103n: M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00ed lu\u1eadn v\u0103n h\u1ecdc"},"content":{"rendered":"

Chuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf nh\u1eb1m gi\u00fap\u00a0h\u1ecdc sinh\u00a0c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00ed lu\u1eadn v\u0103n h\u1ecdc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh THPT.<\/strong><\/p>\n

C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac m\u1ed7i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a, m\u00f4 t\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0V\u00ed d\u1ee5.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng tinh gi\u1ea3n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c d\u1eabn ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c, sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng, l\u1ea5y t\u00ednh \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m ti\u00eau ch\u00ed cao nh\u1ea5t, hi v\u1ecdng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c em l\u0129nh h\u1ed9i nhu\u1ea7n nhuy\u1ec5n, s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m b\u00e0i ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn v\u0103n h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

KI\u1ebeN TH\u1ee8C C\u01a0 B\u1ea2N<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

1.\u00a0Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m\/ quan ni\u1ec7m s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c<\/span><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

+ L\u00e0 g\u00ec:<\/p>\n

–\u00a0Ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ee9ng, \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u00ecn \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00e0 v\u0103n s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0Ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c ho\u00e1 trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp hay th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp qua c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0Nh\u00e0 v\u0103n n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m\/quan ni\u1ec7m s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ai c\u0169ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

+ Vai tr\u00f2:<\/p>\n

–\u00a0Chi ph\u1ed1i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c (l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i, h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn l\u1ed1i vi\u1ebft, c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ngh\u1ec7 th\u1ee5\u00e2t…)<\/p>\n

–\u00a0Ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea7m t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 v\u0103n.<\/p>\n

+ V\u00ed d\u1ee5: Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh: V\u0103n h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 v\u0169 kh\u00ed l\u1ee3i h\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, nh\u00e0 v\u0103n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn s\u0129 ti\u00ean phong tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn v\u0103n ho\u00e1 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng.<\/p>\n

+ \u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng:<\/p>\n

Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch quan \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 v\u0103n (Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c – H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, Nam Cao\u2026).<\/p>\n

2.\u00a0Phong c\u00e1ch ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt<\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

+ L\u00e0 g\u00ec:<\/p>\n

L\u00e0 n\u00e9t ri\u00eang c\u00f3 t\u00ednh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng trong s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 v\u0103n<\/p>\n

+ \u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m:<\/p>\n

–\u00a0Thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0C\u00f3 s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 v\u0103n.<\/p>\n

+ Vai tr\u00f2:<\/p>\n

–\u00a0L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed, t\u00e0i n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129. M\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 v\u0103n l\u1edbn ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 v\u0103n c\u00f3 phong c\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0Th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng: ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o.<\/p>\n

+ V\u00ed d\u1ee5:<\/p>\n

–\u00a0Phong c\u00e1ch ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Xu\u00e2n Di\u1ec7u: Th\u01a1 d\u00f9 vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0o c\u0169ng n\u1ed3ng n\u00e0n thao thi\u1ebft ni\u1ec1m giao c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n ho\u00e1 v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n m\u1edbi m\u1ebb (b\u00fat ph\u00e1p t\u01b0\u01a1ng giao; ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef r\u1ea5t T\u00e2y, tinh t\u1ebf; c\u00e1ch c\u1ea5u t\u1ee9 theo s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian c\u00f9ng gi\u1ecdng \u0111i\u1ec7u th\u01a1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, phong ph\u00fa \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng cung b\u1eadc, nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn th\u00e1i tinh vi nh\u1ea5t, ch\u00e2n x\u00e1c nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m con ng\u01b0\u1eddi).<\/p>\n

–\u00a0Phong c\u00e1ch ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt T\u1ed1 H\u1eefu: mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t th\u01a1 tr\u1eef t\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb s\u00e2u s\u1eafc; \u0111\u1eadm t\u00ednh s\u1eed thi v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng l\u00e3ng m\u1ea1n; gi\u1ecdng \u0111i\u1ec7u t\u00e2m t\u00ecnh ng\u1ecdt ng\u00e0o tha thi\u1ebft; \u0111\u1eadm \u0111\u00e0 t\u00ednh d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c<\/p>\n

–\u00a0Phong c\u00e1ch ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Nguy\u1ec5n Tu\u00e2n: t\u00e0i hoa, uy\u00ean b\u00e1c; c\u1ea3m quan s\u1eafc nh\u1ecdn phong ph\u00fa; ch\u1eef ngh\u0129a gi\u00e0u c\u00f3; tu\u1ef3 b\u00fat t\u00e0i hoa…=> \u201cNg\u00f4ng\u201d.<\/p>\n

+ \u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng<\/p>\n

Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch phong c\u00e1ch ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 (Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c – H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, Nguy\u1ec5n Tu\u00e2n, T\u1ed1 H\u1eefu, Nam Cao, Xu\u00e2n Di\u1ec7u\u2026)<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 3.\u00a0T\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng trong truy\u1ec7n ng\u1eafn<\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

+ L\u00e0 g\u00ec:<\/p>\n

–\u00a0L\u00e0 l\u00e1t c\u1eaft c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 qua \u0111\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 s\u1eafc n\u00e9t nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u00e0\u00a0th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

\u201cL\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u00e1t c\u1eaft, m\u1ed9t kh\u00fac c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng. Nh\u01b0ng qua l\u00e1t c\u1eaft, qua kh\u00fac \u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u0103m n\u0103m c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi th\u1ea3o m\u1ed9c\u201d (Nguy\u1ec5n Minh Ch\u00e2u)<\/p>\n

–\u00a0Bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n qui lu\u1eadt c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ngh\u1ecbch l\u00ed trong s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt: qui m\u00f4 nh\u1ecf nh\u01b0ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh l\u1edbn.<\/p>\n

+ Vai tr\u00f2:<\/p>\n

–\u00a0Kh\u1eafc ho\u1ea1 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0Xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng truy\u1ec7n ng\u1eafn: dung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ecf, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt qua m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng (ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft: d\u00e0i, theo s\u00e1t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi, s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt\u2026) => T\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ee9 n\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1eeda \u1ea3nh l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i l\u00ean h\u00ecnh s\u1eafc nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u00e0 v\u0103n => X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng truy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a:<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0M\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0M\u1ed9t t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 t\u00e0i n\u0103ng.<\/p>\n

+ V\u00ed d\u1ee5: t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ee3i t\u00e0u \u00e1m \u1ea3nh (Hai \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb), t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng cu\u1ed9c g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ea7y \u00e9o le, o\u00e1i o\u0103m gi\u1eefa qu\u1ea3n ng\u1ee5c v\u00e0 Hu\u1ea5n Cao (Ch\u1eef ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eed t\u00f9), t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c (Chi\u1ebfc thuy\u1ec1n ngo\u00e0i xa)\u2026<\/p>\n

+ \u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng:<\/p>\n

Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng truy\u1ec7n trong: Chi\u1ebfc thuy\u1ec1n ngo\u00e0i xa, V\u1ee3 nh\u1eb7t, Ch\u1eef ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eed t\u00f9,\u2026<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 4.\u00a0C\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u0103n h\u1ecdc<\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

+ M\u00f4 t\u1ea3: c\u00f3 3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u1ecdc<\/p>\n

–\u00a0Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c:<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0Mang t\u1edbi cho b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng tri th\u1ee9c s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0Gi\u00fap con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u s\u00e2u s\u1eafc ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u0110em \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc qu\u00ed gi\u00e1 v\u1ec1 l\u1ebd s\u1ed1ng<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0V\u1ec1 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng: H\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9, c\u00f3 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn.<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0V\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m: Gi\u00fap con ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft y\u00eau gh\u00e9t \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn, t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n tr\u1edf n\u00ean l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh, trong s\u00e1ng.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1ea9m m\u0129:<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0N\u1ed9i dung:<\/p>\n

\uf0a7\u00a0V\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p mu\u00f4n h\u00ecnh v\u1ebb c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/p>\n

\uf0a7\u00a0V\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0H\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c: nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p, th\u1ee7 ph\u00e1p x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng, gi\u00e0u s\u1ee9c g\u1ee3i.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a 3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb:<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c: ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c: l\u00e0m s\u00e2u s\u1eafc h\u01a1n gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0C\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t huy t\u00edch c\u1ef1c nh\u1ea5t qua gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1ea9m m\u0129.<\/p>\n

+ V\u00ed d\u1ee5:<\/p>\n

Truy\u1ec7n ng\u1eafn \u201cChi\u1ebfc thuy\u1ec1n ngo\u00e0i xa\u201d c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Minh Ch\u00e2u m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea1m vi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c b\u1ec1 b\u1ed9n, ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p th\u1eddi h\u1eadu chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ngh\u1ecbch l\u00ed \u0111\u1ea7y ngang tr\u00e1i, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p b\u00ean trong ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft cam ch\u1ecbu, kh\u01a1i g\u1ee3i \u1edf b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ed1ng, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi s\u00e2u s\u1eafc, t\u1ec9nh t\u00e1o h\u01a1n th\u00f4ng qua nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, qua l\u1ed1i k\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec7n \u0111a d\u1ea1ng.<\/p>\n

+ \u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng:<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 5.\u00a0Nh\u00e0 v\u0103n \u2013 v\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u2013 b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc<\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

+ Nh\u00e0 v\u0103n: ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ra v\u0103n b\u1ea3n => th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh k\u00ed m\u00e3 => \u00dd \u0111\u1ed3 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, c\u00e1ch l\u00ed gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 v\u0103n v\u1ec1 v\u0103n b\u1ea3n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng hi\u1ec3u v\u0103n b\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n

+ B\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc: ng\u01b0\u00f2i ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn v\u0103n h\u1ecdc => th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3.<\/p>\n

+ V\u0103n b\u1ea3n: l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 m\u00e3, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 v\u0103n k\u00ed g\u1eedi.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 6. H\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt tr\u1eef t\u00ecnh trong th\u01a1<\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

+ M\u00f4 t\u1ea3 (so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m t\u1ef1 s\u1ef1)<\/p>\n

Hi\u1ec7n ra qua gi\u1ecdng \u0111i\u1ec7u, tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n, c\u1ea3m x\u00fac (nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m t\u1ef1 s\u1ef1: c\u00f3 di\u1ec7n m\u1ea1o, t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch, h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3)<\/p>\n

+ Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i:<\/p>\n

–\u00a0X\u00e9t s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m:<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0C\u00e1i t\u00f4i tr\u1eef t\u00ecnh: t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0Nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt tr\u1eef t\u00ecnh nh\u1eadp vai: khi t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ho\u00e1 th\u00e2n v\u00e0o nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0X\u00e9t v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2:<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0Ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 tr\u1eef t\u00ecnh (ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac)<\/p>\n

\u2022\u00a0\u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u1eef t\u00ecnh: \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 tr\u1eef t\u00ecnh<\/p>\n

+ V\u00ed d\u1ee5:<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u201cT\u1ea3o gi\u1ea3i\u201d (Gi\u1ea3i \u0111i s\u1edbm) kh\u1eafc ho\u1ea1 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt tr\u1eef t\u00ecnh H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh – ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 tr\u1eef t\u00ecnh, c\u00e1i t\u00f4i tr\u1eef t\u00ecnh v\u1edbi v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 v\u00e0 v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p tinh th\u1ea7n chi\u1ebfn s\u0129.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u201cS\u00f3ng\u201d: x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt tr\u1eef t\u00ecnh \u201cs\u00f3ng\u201d \u2013 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt tr\u1eef t\u00ecnh nh\u1eadp vai, \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u1eef t\u00ecnh mang v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a khao kh\u00e1t t\u00ecnh y\u00eau thu\u1ef7 chung, n\u1ed3ng n\u00e0n, m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n

+ \u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng:<\/p>\n

Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt tr\u1eef t\u00ecnh trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i th\u01a1.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 7.\u00a0 Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c<\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

+ L\u00e0 g\u00ec:<\/p>\n

–\u00a0Ph\u1ea1m vi hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c. (V\u00ec v\u0103n h\u1ecdc b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng: hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng sinh ho\u1ea1t h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y, hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m, t\u00e2m l\u00ed\u2026)<\/p>\n

+ Bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n:<\/p>\n

Hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m th\u00ec v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 phong ph\u00fa. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c trong m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp 3 n\u00e9t ch\u00ednh:<\/p>\n

–\u00a0Ph\u01a1i b\u00e0y ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c, s\u00e2u s\u1eafc cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u01a1 c\u1ef1c, n\u1ed7i kh\u1ed5 v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t hay tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e9 nh\u1ecf, b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0Ch\u1ec9 ra nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y ra \u0111au kh\u1ed5 cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0Mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 tinh t\u1ebf v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n trong con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

\u1ede m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n \u0111a d\u1ea1ng. C\u00f9ng ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3nh kh\u1ed1n qu\u1eabn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, Ng\u00f4 T\u1ea5t T\u1ed1 mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 n\u1ed7i ch\u1eadt v\u1eadt v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u1ecb D\u1eadu v\u00ec n\u1ea1n s\u01b0u cao thu\u1ebf n\u1eb7ng, m\u1ed9t c\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec1u tr\u00f2ng, Nguy\u1ec5n C\u00f4ng Hoan ph\u01a1i b\u00e0y ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tuy\u1ec7t l\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n (\u201cB\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f9ng\u201d), Nam Cao l\u1ea1i \u0111i v\u00e0o m\u1ea3ng hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c s\u00e2u k\u00edn nh\u1ea5t, t\u0103m t\u1ed1i nh\u1ea5t \u2013 \u0111\u1ecba h\u1ea1t t\u00e2m l\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ed9t tr\u1ea7n bi k\u1ecbch b\u1ecb tha ho\u00e1, n\u1ed7i \u0111au tinh th\u1ea7n kh\u1eafc kho\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1y c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u2013 Ch\u00ed Ph\u00e8o.<\/p>\n

+ Vai tr\u00f2:<\/p>\n

–\u00a0Th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c s\u00e2u s\u1eafc hay h\u1eddi h\u1ee3t c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 v\u0103n.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0D\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb.<\/p>\n

+ \u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng:<\/p>\n

–\u00a0Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m. (Ch\u00ed Ph\u00e9o, V\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng A Ph\u1ee7, V\u1ee3 nh\u1eb7t\u2026)<\/p>\n

–\u00a0Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt l\u00e0m r\u00f5 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c m\u1edbi m\u1ebb v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o trong m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m. (nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt Ch\u00ed Ph\u00e8o, nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt M\u1ecb, nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u1ee3 nh\u1eb7t\u2026)<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 8.\u00a0Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o<\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

+ L\u00e0 g\u00ec:<\/p>\n

–\u00a0H\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n: l\u00f2ng y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 n\u1ed7i kh\u1ed5.<\/p>\n

+ Bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n: 3 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0C\u1ea3m th\u00f4ng v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn \u0111au kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1ecf b\u00e9, b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0T\u1ed1 c\u00e1o c\u00e1c th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c g\u00e2y ra \u0111au kh\u1ed5 cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0Ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n, kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 v\u00e0 ng\u1ee3i ca v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n trong nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh.<\/p>\n

\u1ede m\u1ed7i t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i phong ph\u00fa, linh ho\u1ea1t. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, c\u00f9ng vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u1edbi c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn tr\u00e2n tr\u1ecdng, y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc, Ng\u00f4 T\u1ea5t T\u1ed1 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 \u1edf Ch\u1ecb D\u1eadu v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, thu\u1ef7 chung, kh\u00f4ng t\u00ec v\u1ebft; Kim L\u00e2n ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra n\u00e9t n\u1eef t\u00ednh v\u00e0 kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac b\u1ea5t di\u1ec7t trong t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 nh\u1eb7t, c\u00f2n T\u00f4 Ho\u00e0i th\u00ec kh\u01a1i t\u00ecm s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng, m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t n\u01a1i c\u00f4 g\u00e1i v\u00f9ng cao – M\u1ecb\u2026<\/p>\n

+ Vai tr\u00f2:<\/p>\n

–\u00a0Th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea7m v\u00f3c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 v\u0103n<\/p>\n

\u201cNh\u00e0 v\u0103n ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1eeb trong c\u1ed1t tu\u1ef7\u201d (Bi\u00ealinxki)<\/p>\n

–\u00a0L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e0u gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb (V\u0103n h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n h\u1ecdc. Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a khi h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi).<\/p>\n

+ \u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng:<\/p>\n

–\u00a0Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o trong m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m (V\u1ee3 nh\u1eb7t, V\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng A Ph\u1ee7, Ch\u00ed Ph\u00e8o\u2026)<\/p>\n

–\u00a0L\u00e0m r\u00f5 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o v\u00e0 m\u1edbi m\u1ebb c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m qua vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt (Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt Tr\u00e0ng, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt M\u1ecb, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt Ch\u00ed Ph\u00e8o\u2026)<\/p>\n

+ M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o:<\/p>\n

–\u00a0G\u1eafn b\u00f3 h\u00e0i ho\u00e0 trong m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0C\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n nh\u00ecn chung t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u1ec9 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u1edf ch\u1ed7: n\u1ebfu n\u00f3i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 nh\u1eafc t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y, mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ch quan th\u00ec n\u00f3i t\u1edbi g\u00eda tr\u1ecb nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 bao h\u00e0m th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 v\u0103n (c\u1ea3m th\u00f4ng, th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t, \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh, ng\u1ee3i ca\u2026)<\/p>\n

B\u00c0I VI\u1ebeT THAM KH\u1ea2O<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

B\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a J.Paul. Sartre:<\/p>\n

\u201cT\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 con quay k\u00ec l\u1ea1, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng. Mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecdc. V\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ch\u1ec9 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c. Ngo\u00e0i s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecdc ra, n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ec7t \u0111en tr\u00ean gi\u1ea5y tr\u1eafng\u201d<\/p>\n

1. Nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a l\u00ed lu\u1eadn v\u0103n h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u khoa h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u0103n h\u1ecdc. B\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a J.Paul.Sartre tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i cho ch\u00fang t\u00f4i nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i s\u00e2u s\u1eafc.<\/p>\n

2. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 vai tr\u00f2 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 v\u0103n c\u00f3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1eb7n th\u00ec vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc, b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn v\u0103n h\u1ecdc d\u1eabu \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201ccanh t\u00e1c\u201d \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00e1 m\u00e0u m\u1ee1, m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1.<\/p>\n

L\u1ea5y m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 – t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m – b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0m c\u0103n c\u1ed1t, x\u01b0a nay c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u00fd ki\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u0103n h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t quan ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh: l\u1ea5y t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u00f9ng c\u00e1 t\u00ednh s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m. N\u00f3 xem nh\u1eb9 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

\u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 l\u00e0 n\u00f2ng c\u1ed1t, l\u00e0 \u201cch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 soi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho nh\u1eefng t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea3i mi\u1ebft \u0111i t\u00ecm ch\u00e2n l\u00ed. Ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c ph\u00f3ng chi\u1ebfu tinh th\u1ea7n ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 v\u00e0o t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m, truy t\u00ecm \u00e1nh x\u1ea1 t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n nh\u00e0 v\u0103n trong b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, v\u0103n b\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n

Theo \u0111\u00f3, ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng l\u1ea7n t\u00ecm theo l\u1ed1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n h\u1ecdc duy nh\u1ea5t trong \u00fd \u0111\u1ed3 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. H\u01b0\u1edbng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 l\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, khai th\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u1ed3 nh\u00e0 v\u0103n \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1c th\u1ea3o, l\u00ed gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp.<\/p>\n

V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7t ra: l\u00e0m c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m khuy\u1ebft danh, c\u00e1c s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u0103n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta hay nh\u00e0 v\u0103n \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t? N\u1ebfu t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3\u00a0kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t k\u00ec ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn n\u00e0o ngo\u00e0i v\u0103n b\u1ea3n th\u00ec c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a chi\u1ebfc ch\u00eca kho\u00e1 \u0111i v\u00e0o v\u0103n b\u1ea3n m\u00e3i m\u00e3i b\u1ecb v\u00f9i l\u1ea5p.<\/p>\n

Xem t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u201cnh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh\u201d, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ee5c nguy\u00ean vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i quan t\u00e2m t\u1edbi ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a hai t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Nguy\u1ec5n Lai v\u00e0 B\u00f9i Minh To\u00e1n tr\u00ean g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

GS.Nguy\u1ec5n Lai trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft \u201cV\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn v\u0103n h\u1ecdc\u201d c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a ra 5 lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng:<\/p>\n

\uf0fc\u00a0N\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, tho\u1ea1t ti\u00ean ta ngh\u0129 ngay\u00a0 t\u1edbi \u201cs\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m ra. Theo c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ch\u01b0a qua tay ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng th\u00ec m\u1edbi \u1edf d\u1ea1ng ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng. Do v\u1eady, n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ee7 quan c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i v\u00e0o ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn v\u0103n h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

\uf0fc\u00a0Ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng bi\u1ebfn \u201cth\u00e0nh ph\u1ea9m\u201d th\u00e0nh t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m.<\/p>\n

\uf0fc\u00a0S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa k\u00ed hi\u1ec7u th\u1ea9m m\u0129 v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea9m m\u0129. Tuy c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u1ee3i d\u1eabn th\u1ea9m m\u0129, nh\u01b0ng \u1edf h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea9m m\u0129, t\u00ednh n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ee7 quan c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t huy cao \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t huy v\u1edbi th\u1ebf ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng. T\u1eeb ng\u1eef, k\u00ed hi\u1ec7u th\u1ea9m m\u0129 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh g\u1ee3i d\u1eabn. Trong lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u0169ng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n m\u00e3 t\u1eeb m\u00e3 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef sang m\u00e3 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n

\uf0fc\u00a0Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 qui lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

\uf0fc\u00a0M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn v\u1edbi t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u00f4ng qua ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef.<\/p>\n

Coi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u0103n h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng giao ti\u1ebfp, GS B\u00f9i Minh To\u00e1n xem x\u00e9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn v\u0103n h\u1ecdc tr\u00ean hai kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh.<\/p>\n

\uf0fc\u00a0Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

\uf0fc\u00a0Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc trong ch\u00ednh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129.<\/p>\n

Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 v\u0103n, \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, chi ph\u1ed1i qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 chi ph\u1ed1i c\u1ea3 n\u1ed9i dung, h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m.<\/p>\n

Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn, \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 \u0111\u1ed3ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 m\u00e3, nh\u00e0 v\u0103n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u0129 m\u00e3, b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3.<\/p>\n

3. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam, quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5u th\u1ecb qua nh\u1eefng l\u0103ng k\u00ednh khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady. D\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00e1 g\u1ea7n g\u0169i v\u1edbi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a J.Paul.Sartre.<\/p>\n

\u201cT\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 con quay k\u00ec l\u1ea1, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong v\u1eadn \u0111\u00f4ng. Mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecdc. V\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ch\u1ec9 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c. Ngo\u00e0i s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecdc ra, n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ec7t \u0111en tr\u00ean gi\u1ea5y tr\u1eafng\u201d.<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, Sartre nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1i ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh sau qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thai ngh\u00e9n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 v\u0103n m\u00e0 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u01b0 \u201ccon quay k\u00ec l\u1ea1\u201d. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ec9 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ed3n \u201ctrong v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng\u201d.<\/p>\n

D\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i ng\u1ea7m v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m cho r\u1eb1ng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m l\u00e0 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh, duy nh\u1ea5t, ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o \u00fd \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 v\u0103n ( \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u1edf tr\u00ean). V\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m.<\/p>\n

V\u1eady c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0o cho s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a v\u0103n b\u1ea3n ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt? \u00d4ng kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u201cc\u1ea7n c\u00f3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecdc\u201d, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecdc hay c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 \u201ct\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ch\u1ec9 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n

Ngo\u00e0i s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecdc ra, n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ec7t \u0111en tr\u00ean gi\u1ea5y tr\u1eafng\u201d.\u00a0 Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m. Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn, t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u201cv\u1ec7t \u0111en tr\u00ean gi\u1ea5y tr\u1eafng\u201d \u2013 nh\u1eefng con ch\u1eef v\u1eadt l\u00ed v\u00f4 c\u1ea3m, v\u00f4 h\u1ed3n. S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0 m\u00e1u \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t (v\u0103n b\u1ea3n) th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t sinh th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 x\u00fac c\u1ea3m, c\u00f3 vui bu\u1ed3n, c\u00f3 tr\u0103n tr\u1edf.<\/p>\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, J.Paul.Sartre s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh vai tr\u00f2 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u0103n h\u1ecdc. V\u00f4 h\u00ecnh chung, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 xem v\u0103n h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng giao ti\u1ebfp, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

D\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n sinh trong nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y. S\u1ef1 v\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u1edf h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u00e1 th\u1ec3, hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c v\u1edbi sinh ho\u1ea1t h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y. Cho n\u00ean, t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m tinh th\u1ea7n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 b\u1eb1ng d\u1ea1ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t (v\u0103n b\u1ea3n ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb), c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u2013 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecdc. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft ra t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng \u1ea9n \u1ee9c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 v\u0103n nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3, nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i n\u00f3i chung, t\u00e1ch kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecdc, t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i x\u00e1c v\u00f4 h\u1ed3n.<\/p>\n

Kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 v\u0103n v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. \u201cCon quay k\u00ec l\u1ea1\u201d d\u1eabu bi\u1ebfn \u1ea3o, v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e2u c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5c tr\u1ee5 duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng. \u1ea4y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, nh\u1eefng t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u th\u1ea9m m\u0129 m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 v\u0103n d\u00e0y c\u00f4ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh, Sartre nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ee9 hai \u2013 gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3.\u00a0 \u201cT\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c\u201d .<\/p>\n

So s\u00e1nh quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Sartre v\u1edbi lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Lai, B\u00f9i Minh To\u00e1n (\u0111\u00e3 n\u00ean \u1edf tr\u00ean), c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng r\u00f5 n\u00e9t. N\u1ebfu Sartre cho r\u1eb1ng thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecdc, t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u201cnh\u1eefng v\u1ec7t \u0111en tr\u00ean gi\u1ea5y tr\u1eafng\u201d th\u00ec Nguy\u1ec5n Lai coi v\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 v\u0103n s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ra m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 \u1edf d\u1ea1ng \u201cti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng\u201d.<\/p>\n

Ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng \u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c h\u00f3a th\u00f4ng qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u th\u1ea9m m\u0129 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 qui lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a v\u0103n b\u1ea3n l\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc. B\u00f9i Minh To\u00e1n ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng so s\u00e1nh n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh:<\/p>\n

\uf076\u00a0Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c (c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 v\u0103n) v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn (c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc). N\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, quan h\u1ec7 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd, kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi b\u1edfi h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n \u2013 v\u0103n b\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n

\uf076\u00a0Trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u0103n h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 v\u0103n b\u1ea3n. Nh\u00e0 v\u0103n t\u1ea1o ra v\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o nh\u1eefng t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u th\u1ea5m m\u0129, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh k\u00ed m\u00e3 (chuy\u1ec3n ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean th\u00e0nh ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt). \u0110\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3t m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3.<\/p>\n

\u00dd \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 v\u0103n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m. M\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc, b\u1eb1ng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a, t\u00e2m l\u00ed, tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ee5 c\u1ea3m ri\u00eang l\u1ea1i t\u1ea1o ra v\u00f4 v\u00e0n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng kh\u00e1c cho v\u0103n b\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n

X\u00e9t \u1edf g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y, v\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 v\u0103n v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc. C\u00e1i tr\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a \u201ccon quay k\u00ec l\u1ea1\u201d ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt th\u00f4ng qua h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u th\u1ea9m m\u0129 trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m.<\/p>\n

\uf076\u00a0\u0110\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng th\u1eddi gian nh\u00e0 v\u0103n thai ngh\u00e9n ra n\u00f3. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt m\u1edbi ra \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft y\u1ec3u v\u00e0 m\u00e3i m\u00e3i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5c sinh v\u00ec thi\u1ebfu v\u1eafng \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3. L\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a v\u1eabn d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng nh\u1edd qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ee5 c\u1ea3m c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u0103n h\u1ecdc cho th\u1ea5y quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Sartre l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00f3 l\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Truy\u1ec7n Ki\u1ec1u \u2013 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a \u201cnh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y m\u00e0 \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn l\u00f2ng\u201d c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Du khai sinh c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y m\u1ea5y ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m v\u1eabn c\u00f2n m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1, t\u1ea1o ra bi\u1ebft bao c\u00e1ch c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 tranh lu\u1eadn kh\u00e1c nhau. Nguy\u1ec5n Du \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t nh\u01b0ng sinh m\u1ec7nh ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Truy\u1ec7n Ki\u1ec1u d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 b\u1ea5t t\u1eed. M\u1ed1i th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc, v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a, tinh th\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c nhau l\u1ea1i gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 ri\u00eang.<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 th\u1eddi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u1eb7t Truy\u1ec7n Ki\u1ec1u l\u00ean b\u00e0n c\u00e2n t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng phong ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m. D\u00f9ng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc, \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb, m\u1ecdi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01a1 h\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111i v\u00e0o phi\u1ebfn di\u1ec7n, b\u1ebf t\u1eafc.<\/p>\n

GS Tr\u1ea7n \u0110\u00ecnh S\u1eed, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u th\u1ea9m m\u0129 \u0111\u00e3 r\u00fat ra nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u1ec1 Thi ph\u00e1p Truy\u1ec7n Ki\u1ec1u,\u00a0 g\u1ee3i m\u1edf cho ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn tr\u1ee5c tr\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a \u201ccon quay k\u00ec l\u1ea1\u201d ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

T\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a v\u0103n b\u1ea3n khi\u1ebfn cho nhi\u1ec1u khi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t m\u1edbi ngo\u00e0i \u00fd \u0111\u1ed3 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 v\u0103n. Kim L\u00e2n t\u1eebng b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd khi trong k\u00ec thi \u0110H, kh\u1ed1i D, n\u0103m 2005, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m 10 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 \u00f4ng ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng trong x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t anh cu Tr\u00e0ng (s\u1ef1 hi\u1ebfu th\u1ea3o v\u1edbi b\u00e0 c\u1ee5 T\u1ee9). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 m\u00e3 m\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 \u0111\u00e3 k\u00ed g\u1eedi \u2013 v\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i theo nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau, t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u1ee5 c\u1ea3m phong ph\u00fa.<\/p>\n

S\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf nh\u1eefng t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u th\u1ea9m m\u0129. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc d\u00f9 t\u1ea1o ra bao nhi\u00eau kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng cho t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i t\u1ee5 ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb tr\u1ee5c quay n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u th\u1ea9m m\u0129 \u201cm\u1eb7t ch\u1eef \u0111i\u1ec1n\u201d (\u0110\u00e2y th\u00f4n V\u0129 D\u1ea1 – H\u00e0n M\u1ea1c T\u1eed) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi con trai \u2013 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ho\u1eb7c khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi con g\u00e1i soi qua tr\u00e1i tim nh\u1edb th\u01b0\u01a1ng da di\u1ebft c\u1ee7a thi s\u0129. D\u1eabu hi\u1ec3u theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eb7t trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u2013 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 g\u1eafn v\u1edbi v\u0103n c\u1ea3nh \u201cL\u00e1 tr\u00fac che ngang m\u1eb7t ch\u1eef \u0111i\u1ec1n\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e9t \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi V\u0129 D\u1ea1 v\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m ho\u00e0i mong \u0111au \u0111\u00e1u c\u1ee7a H\u00e0n M\u1ea1c T\u1eed.<\/p>\n

T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, c\u1eb7p h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u201cnon \u2013 n\u01b0\u1edbc\u201d \u1edf \u201cTh\u1ec1 non n\u01b0\u1edbc\u201d c\u1ee7a T\u1ea3n \u0110\u00e0 mang t\u00ednh \u0111a ngh\u0129a: v\u1eeba l\u00e0 hai v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean v\u1edbi qui lu\u1eadt mu\u00f4n \u0111\u1eddi, v\u1eeba l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi con trai v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi con g\u00e1i nh\u1edb th\u01b0\u01a1ng trong xa c\u00e1ch, v\u1eeba l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecb c\u1eaft chia \u0111\u1ea7y xa x\u00f3t nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u mang m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ea3m x\u00fac chung.<\/p>\n

H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh khi c\u1ea7m b\u00fat \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7t ra b\u1ed1n c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: Vi\u1ebft cho ai? Vi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec? Vi\u1ebft c\u00e1i g\u00ec? Vi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f2n c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 chi ph\u1ed1i qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 v\u0103n.<\/p>\n

V\u0103n b\u1ea3n th\u00ec duy nh\u1ea5t nh\u01b0ng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m x\u00e9t \u1edf ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t t\u1eadn. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra trong m\u1ed9t kh\u1eafc, nh\u01b0ng sinh m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t t\u1eed (\u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ki\u1ec7t t\u00e1c). \u0110\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n h\u1ecdc. Quan ni\u1ec7m hi\u1ec7n sinh c\u1ee7a J.Paul.Sartre x\u00e9t cho c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

TH\u01af M\u1ee4C THAM KH\u1ea2O<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

1.\u00a0L\u1ea1i Nguy\u00ean \u00c2n. 150 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef v\u0103n h\u1ecdc. NXB \u0110HQG. 1998.<\/p>\n

2.\u00a0\u0110\u1ed7 H\u1eefu Ch\u00e2u. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n h\u1ecdc. T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, s\u1ed1 2, 1990.<\/p>\n

3.\u00a0Nguy\u1ec5n Lai. Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u1edbi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn v\u0103n h\u1ecdc. NXB GD. 1996.<\/p>\n

4.\u00a0Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng L\u1ef1u. L\u00ed lu\u1eadn v\u0103n h\u1ecdc. NXBGD. 2003.<\/p>\n

5.\u00a0Khrap-chen-k\u00f4. C\u00e1 t\u00ednh s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 v\u0103n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc. NXB Tp HCM. 1978<\/p>\n

6.\u00a0Jean-Paul Sartre – N\u1ed7i \u0111am m\u00ea l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 (ngu\u1ed3n: evan.com.vn)<\/p>\n

7.\u00a0Tr\u1ea7n \u0110\u00ecnh S\u1eed. Thi ph\u00e1p Truy\u1ec7n Ki\u1ec1u. NXB GD. 2002<\/p>\n

8.\u00a0Nguy\u1ec5n Thu\u1ef3. Vi\u1ebft v\u0103n, \u0110\u1ecdc v\u0103n: “\u0110\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi” (ngu\u1ed3n: dactrung.net)<\/p>\n

9.\u00a0B\u00f9i Minh To\u00e1n. T\u1eadp b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng chuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc. 2009<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed7 Th\u1ecb Th\u00fay D\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/strong>
\nGi\u00e1o vi\u00ean Hocmai.vn<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Chuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf nh\u1eb1m gi\u00fap\u00a0h\u1ecdc sinh\u00a0c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00ed lu\u1eadn v\u0103n h\u1ecdc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh THPT. C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac m\u1ed7i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 bao g\u1ed3m: –\u00a0\u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a, m\u00f4 t\u1ea3. –\u00a0V\u00ed d\u1ee5. –\u00a0\u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng. C\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng tinh gi\u1ea3n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":188,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[22],"tags":[108,102],"class_list":["post-187","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-giao-duc-tuyen-sinh","tag-ng-van","tag-thi-tt-nghip"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/daoduytu.net\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/187","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/daoduytu.net\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/daoduytu.net\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/daoduytu.net\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/daoduytu.net\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=187"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/daoduytu.net\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/187\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":190,"href":"https:\/\/daoduytu.net\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/187\/revisions\/190"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/daoduytu.net\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/188"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/daoduytu.net\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=187"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/daoduytu.net\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=187"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/daoduytu.net\/home\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=187"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}